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Pieter-Jan Aerts
Counsel
Commercial Law | Dispute resolution
Mandatory distribution rules applicable to franchise agreements?
Should the mandatory and stringent Belgian Distribution Act be applied to (distribution) franchise agreements. A recent decision of the Enterprise Court of Brussels provides further clarification.
In doctrine and case law, it has long been unclear whether the mandatory Belgian Distribution Act should to be applied to franchises where the franchisee sells certain products of the franchisor (a so called distribution franchise).
Before embarking on the different positions under Belgian law, it is useful to ascertain the difference between the franchise agreement and the distribution agreement. One of the main differences between the two lies in the purpose or object of the agreement, i.e.:
The different positions under Belgian law on the application of the mandatory Belgian Distribution Act to (distribution) franchises can be summarized as following:
The relevance of the question lies in the fact that distribution agreements are strictly regulated under the mandatory Belgian Distribution Act – in particular the complex calculation of the (extensive) notice periods in case of unilateral termination and the additional indemnities – whereas franchise agreements are broadly unregulated and subject to common law principles.
In a decision of the French speaking Enterprise Court of Brussels of 22 May 2022, the court was confronted with the termination by the manufacturer of three agreements for the distribution of the chocolates in a shop operating under the brand of the manufacturer of the chocolates. Since the agreements were not explicitly qualified, the manufacturer stated that they should be qualified under the unregulated regime of a franchise agreement, where the distributor was of the opinion that the mandatory Distribution Act should be applied.
After a careful analysis of the agreements, the court found that the agreements presented all the characteristics of a distribution agreement and also several important characteristics of a franchise agreement, e.g. the use of the brand and signage, the transmission of know-how, etc. It furthermore decided that (i) a (distribution) franchise agreement is a distribution agreement with certain specific franchise features, so the mandatory Belgian Distribution Act should be applied insofar as the conditions of the Distribution Act are met; and (ii) the legislator deliberately adopted a broad definition of a distribution agreement so the Distribution Act could not easily be circumvented.
In light of the positions mentioned above, this decision forms another compelling argument that the mandatory Distribution Act should be applied to the (distribution) franchise agreement.
Main takeaway of this decision is that both franchisors and franchisees better take into account the conditions and application of the mandatory Belgian Distribution Act, not only when deciding on unilaterally terminating the franchise agreement but also at contract formation.
Please do not hesitate to contact EY Law if you would have any questions regarding the qualification of a franchise/distribution agreement and how to take position in case of (unilateral) termination.
Franchise agreements could be qualified as (exclusive) distributions agreements and subject to according mandatory legislation
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Talk to the author
Pieter-Jan Aerts
Counsel
Commercial Law | Dispute resolution